A 'yaan

Plural of ayn. Goods or specific thing

A’mal

plural of amal (work) that is required in a partnership or based on which a partnership is formed

'Abd

slave; servant; abd madhun is a slave who has been authorized by his master to handle business on his behalf

Abddan

sharikat al-abddan

Adhaab / azab

Punishment, especially the punishment for failing to obey Allah Taala. see the Holy Quran

Adl / adil

Justice and equity. A fundamental value governing all social behaviour and forming the basis of all socialdealings and legal framework

Afdal

The best

AH

After Hijra. Hijra means emigration. The Islamic calendar startsfrom the day the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), emigrated from Mekkah to Madinah, in 622 A.D.

Ahadeeth also spelled Ahadith

Sayings and traditions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). Singular: Hadith.

'Ahd

covenant; here it is used in the context of dhimmah (personal­ity), which is considered by the jurists a covenant with the Creator.

Ahkam

Plural of hukm (rule); the ahkam of a contract (legal ef­fects) as distinguished from its huquq (rights of performance of the contract) the Hanna’s make a distinction between the two.

Ahl ar-ray

Means people of opinion. It is refers to people that are consulted on Islamic matters. These people are highly learned in Islam.

Ahliyah

Legal capacity

Ahliyat al-ada'

Legal capacity for execution

Ahliyat al-wujub

Legal capacity for the acquisition of rights and obligations.

Ahlul Kitab Wa Sunnah

Literally means "the People of the Book (the Holy Quran) and the sayings and traditions, i.e. the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.)".

Ajal

period; duration for which delivery is delayed.

Ajanib

plural of ajnabi (stranger); those who are not co-owners in a property.

Ajnabi

stranger; see ajanib.

Ajr al-mithl / Ajrul Mithl

reasonable wages; wages to which a person would be entitled under normal circumstances or customary in the community.

Al Fard al Kifayah

Socially obligatory duties. Literally, a collective duty of Muslims, the discharge of which by some of them absolves the rest of its performance, such as funeral prayers. Technically it covers such functions which the community fails to or cannot perform and hence are taken over by the state, such as the provision of utilities, building of roads, bridges and canals etc.

Al Hisba

System of accountability in an Islamic state in order to check unlawful practices.

Al-Aamilu-Alaz-Zakah

Zakah collector.

Alaihis Salaam / A.S.

May Allahs peace be upon him. A phrase which is usually read after the name of a prophet other than Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) is mentioned.

Alim

An Islamic religious scholar. Plural: Ulamaa.

Al-khardj bi al-damdn

a principle based upon a tradition; it is perhaps, the most influential principle in Islamic law, applies to contracts, damages, and even crimes.

Allah

The Name of the Creator of the Universe and all that it contains according to Islam. Derives from the word "Ilah" which means "the One deserving all worship", the One to Whom all hearts submit in love, fear, reverence, desire, trust and sincerity, and to Whom all limbs submit in all forms of worship such as prayers, supplications, sacrifices, invocations, etc.

Al-Mofaviza

General Partnership (one of the types of partnership under Musharakah)

Al-sharikah dhat al-mas 'uliyah al-mahdudah

the name for a private limited company in Egyptian law

Al-wadia / Al-wadi'ah

This refers to deposits in trust, in which a person may hold property in trust for another, sometimes by implication of a contract.

Al-wakala al mutlaqa

Resale of goods with a discount on the original stated cost. Absolute power of attorney.

Al-Qard al-Hassan

Loans fixed for a definite period of time without interest or profit sharing.

'Amal

work; conduct.

Amana / Amanah

Lit: reliability, trustworthiness, loyalty, honesty; Technically, an important value of Islamic society in mutual dealings; anything, which is in posses­sion of a person who is not the owner of it for safekeeping. In case of unintended loss to the thing, he is not obliged to pay compensation.

Ameen / Amin

Custodian or guardian; trustee.

Amir

Amir is used in Islam to mean leader or commander.

Amwal

Wealth; in business context wealth that is contributed as capital in a partnership; Plural: mal.

'Aqd ghayr 'Azim

a contract that is terminable at the will of the parties, like partnership.

'Aqd Sahih

A legal contract.

'Aqd

agreement, contract.

Aqeeda

Literally means belief. In Islamic terminology, it means articles of faith

'Aaqilah

People who have ethnical relationship or rela­tionship of cooperation and help with an unin­tentional killer. They are legally obliged to bear blood money along with the killer.

'Aql

reason; fourth interest secured by the shariah and recognized as a purpose of the law; the existence of aql is an essential condition for ahliyat al-add.

Ardh / Ardhqw

land; property that includes goods, slaves and even real estate; according to most jurists land is not eligible for enti­tlement to profit as compared to other things that are: wealth, labor, credit-worthiness qiyas (analogy); a principle of law; principal amount in a debt; see A’s al-mal.

Athaman mutlaqah

absolute currencies; the term is usually applied to dinars and dirhams.

Awkaf/ Awqaf

A religious foundation set up for the benefit of the poor;  property voluntarily transferred to a charity or trust so that it is use for public benefits.

Ayah

A verse of the Holy Quran. Literally means "a sign". Plural: Ayaat.

'Ayn

The corpus or substance of a thing. A thing present as distin­guished from one that is absents at the time of the contract. In Hanafi terminology, a thing is to be determined through weight or measure during a transaction of sale.

D.C. A/C

Demand Credit Account.

Dain/ Dayn

Loan, due, receivable, debt.

Dhaman al- amal

liability underlying a partnership formed on the ba­sis of labor, where the partner is liable for performing the contract or completing the work accepted by either partner.

Dhaman al-mal

liability for the debts of the partnership; the usual form of liability underlying all partnerships, especially one formed based on wealth.

Dhaman al-talaf

liability for damaging or destroying property ac­cepted by the partnership for value-added work.

Dhaman al-thaman

liability underlying a partnership formed on the basis of credit-worthiness where each partner is liable, jointly and severally, for paying the prince of goods bought on credit.

Dar ul-harb

Enemy territory not under the jurisdiction of a Muslim state.

Dar ul-Islam

Area under the jurisdiction of the Muslim state.

Dharb fil-ardh

Receivables; the term does not apply to cash loans for which the word qard is used; see qard.

Dharurah

Necessity. A principle used for permitting forbidden things in case of duress or extreme hardship.

Dhimam

see sharikat al-dhimam.

Diminishing Musharkah

This kind of Musharkah used as a mode of financing where a partner can redeem his share / share having a put option or call option.

Dirham tijariyah

Currency accepted by the traders as valid for commercial transactions amongst them although it did not meet the conditions laid down for currency.

Dirham

Name of a unit of currency, usually a silver coin, used in the past in several Muslim countries and still used in some Muslim countries, such as Morocco and United Arab Emirates.

Diyah

Blood money of an unintentional killing or injuries.

Equity

Distribute according to proportions in a specific contract.

Ghanima

Spoils of war acquired from enemy after fighting during a holy war (Jihad).

Gharar

Uncertainty, hazard, chance or risk, ambiguity and uncertainty in transactions. Technically, the sale of something which is not present at hand; or the sale of something where the consequences or outcome is not known. It can also be a sale involving risk or hazard in which one does not know whether it will come to be or not, such as fish in water or a bird in the air; or an event where assurance or non-assurance is subject to chance and  thus not known to parties of a transaction. Can also mean uncertainty or a hazard that is likely to lead to a dispute in a contract.

Gharim

A person in debt; debtor unable to pay the debt from his wealth.

Ghasb

usurpation; abduction.

I’arah

lending utensils and non-fungibles.

Ibahah

permissibility.

IFB

Interest Free Banks

Ifrad (Hajj al)

"Single Hajj". Performing Hajj without performing  the Umrah.

Ihram

The state in which one is prohibited from doing certain things which are lawful at other times. Umrah and Hajj are performed in such a state.

Ihya al-Mawat

Reviving of unowned wasteland. One who re­vives such land becomes its owner.

Ihya’ al-ardh

reviving barren lands.

Ijara/ijarah

Lit: letting on lease. Technically, sale of a definite usufruct in exchange for a definite reward. Commonly used for wages, it also refers to a contract of land lease at a fixed rent payable in cash. It is contrary to "Muzarah" when rent is fixed as a certain percentage of the produce of land. It also refers to a mode of financing adopted by Islamic banks. It is an arrangement under which an Islamic bank leases equipment, a building or other facility to a client against an agreed rental. The rent is so fixed that the bank gets back its original investment plus a profit on it.

Ijarah wa iqtina

Contract of renting, hiring or leasing. This term refers to a mode of financing adopted by Islamic banks. It is a   contract under which the Islamic bank finances equipment, a building or other facility for the client against an agreed rental   together with an undertaking from the client to purchase the  equipment or the facility. The rental as well as the purchase price  is fixed in such a manner that the bank gets back its principal sum  along with some profit, which is usually determined in advance.

Ijma'

Consensus of opinion of Muslim jurists on a specific matter; consensus of the jurists on any issues of fiqh after the death of the Prophet, peace is on him. See also fiqh.

Ijma’ sukuti

consensus where some jurists give tacit approval to the rule pronounced by others.

Ijtehad / Ijtihad

Lit: effort, exertion, industry, diligence. Technically, endeavour of a jurist to derive or formulate a rule of law on the basis of evidence found in the sources; scholarly effort through which a jurist/scholar derives Islamic law on the basis of Quran and Sunnah.

Ikhtilat

mixing of shares so that they can no longer be separated.

Iktinaz

Hoarding wealth without fulfilling legal obliga­tions on it.

Imam

Leader of the congregational prayer; also used for the founders of different schools of Muslim jurisprudence or other eminent jurists and also for the prominent descendents of All ibn Abi Talib and distinguished Shiah theologians. In ahddith it has also been used to refer to the ruler.

'Inan khass

the inan partnership that is formed for a particular project or for trading in a particular commodity or in which the agency granted to the partners is restricted.

'Inan

rein of an animal; type of partnership; see sharikat al-inan.

Infaq

Free-of-cost lending of an animal for riding or loading.

Inqilab

conversion; revolution; conversion of mufawadah into inan.

Intifaq

Granting of concessions relating to real estate e.g. the right of passage and right to place a beam on the wall of the neighbor, etc.

Intiha’

end; termination; termination or dissolution of a partnership.

Iqalah

negotiated rescission.

Iqta'

Granting of ownership or usufruct rights over state land by the state to individuals in recogni­tion of their services for the sake of Islam.

Irtihan

pledging; mortgaging.

Ishtirak

equivocally; participation; partnership.

Istidanah

Raising   or building up credit through credit purchases. It however does not  apply to the raising of cash loans.

Isnad

The chain of transmission of a tradition.

Isqat

The extinction of a right.

Istidanah

raising or building up credit through credit purchases; does not apply to the raising of cash loans; see istiqrad.

Istihqaq al-ribh

entitlement to profit; basis for entitlement to profit.

Istihsan

principle according to which the law is based upon a general principle of the law in preference to a strict analogy pertaining to the issue, the principle is used by the Hanafis as well as the Malicious.

Istiqradh

the raising of cash loans for business purposes, declared batil by al-Sarakhsi as it is against the principle of prohibition of Riba.

Istisna’a / Istisna

This is a kind of Sale where a commodity is transacted before it comes into existance. It means: To order a manufacturer to manufacture a specific commodity for the purchaser. If the manufacturer under takes to manufacture the goods for him with material from the manufacturer, the transaction of Istisna’a comes into existence. But it is necessary for the validity of istisna’that the price is fixed with the consent of the parties and that necessary specification of the commodity (intended to be manufactured) is fully settled between them. This kind of Sale also is used as a mode of financing which also called “Parallel Istisna’a”.

'Iwadh

Compensation or counter-value.

Ja’iz

permissible; permissible contract.

Jihalah

uncertainty; uncertainty in a contract that may lead to a later dispute; see gharar.

Jahiliyyah

The period in Arabia before the advent of Muhammad, peace be on him.

Jihad

Holy war; struggle in the way of Allah.

Jizya

A tax imposed on non-Muslims who are under Muslim  country.

Joalah / Joaalah

The undertaking of one party (the Jael, bank or employer) to pay a specified amount of money to  another party in return for rendering a specified service in accordance with the terms of contract.

Ji'ala

Lit: stipulated price for performing any service. Technically applied in the model of Islamic banking by some bank charges and commission have been interpreted to be juala by the jurists and thus considered lawful.

Kaabah

The cube-shaped stone building whose foundations were  built by angels and completed by Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and  his son, the Prophet Ismael (A.S), in Mekkah. It was rebuilt with the help of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). It is the focal point   towards which all Muslims face when praying.

Kafalah bi al-thaman

Surety for paying the price or sum if  unpaid by the person originally liable.

Kafalah binnafs

bail; surety for producing the body of the person wanted.

Kafil

surety; person providing the surety; guarantor.

Kala'

Grass, herbage and plants which grow on their own.

Khalt

mixing of shares; see ikhtilat.

Khamr

wine from grape juice.

Khiraj

Tax on land of non-Muslim subjects of an Islamic state; revenue from land.

Kharij

produce.

Khiyarat

plural of khiyar (option).

Khums

A 20 per cent levy. It is applicable to spoils of war, mines and wealth burned in land that has no owner.

Khiyar al Izin

contract terminable at the will of either party. contract terminable at the will of either party.

Kira’

rent for land, permitted by Malik ibn Anas.

Ma’un

Free-of-cost lending of domestic utensils, pro­fessional instruments and other things of ordi­nary needs.

Mabrur

A Hajj that is accepted by Allah because of its perfection  in both inward intention and outward observation of the traditions of  Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.)

Madinah

A city in Saudia Arabia, often called Madinaal-Munawarra - the Illuminated, or the EnlightenedCity - where the   revelation of the Quran was completed, and in which Prophet

Mahjoor

A person who is prevented or restrained to do business by law or Shariah.

Mahram

A man whom a woman can never marry because her close relation with him (e.g. father, brother, uncle, son, etc.). Her husband is also her Mahram.

Maiser

Gambling. Literally means getting something too easily.

Majhool

Unknown; uncertain.

Makruh

Abominable; reprehensible; disapproved.

Mal

Wealth

Manafi'

Plural of manfa'ah (benefits; usufruct; profits; utility).

Manafa'ah

See manafi'

Maniha

Granting of usufruct of a productive asset to a needy person for a specific period.

Mazru'

The crop to be cultivated.

Mazru'ah

Land given out by way of muzdra'ah.

Milk mushtarak

Co-ownership; joint ownership.

Milk

Ownership; property.

Milkiyah

Ownership.

Mithli

Fungible; things sold by weight or measure, and for which one quantity or measure is a substitute for another.

Modharabah

A contract between Financier and Working partner. A profit and loss sharing contract in which one party provides capital and the other party manages the enterprise. In ease of loss the provider of capital bears the financial loss while the worker loses his labor. In case of profit both parties share it in agreed proportions. An agreement between two or more persons whereby one or more of them provide finance, while the others provide entrepreneur ship and management to carry on any business venture whether trade, industry or service, with the objective of earning profits. They share the profit in an agreed proportion. The loss is borne only by the financier's in proportion to their share in total capital. See also sahib al-mal and mudarib.

Mu'amalah

Transaction; agreement; term used for the agreement concluded by the Prophet with the people of Khaybar

Mu'ayyan

Ascertained; determined; commodity ascertained through weight or measure for purposes of sale.

Mu'ajjal

See bay al-mu'ajjal.

Mubah

Things/acts permissible in Islamic law; permissible.

Mubashir

Person who commits an act personally and of his own volition rather than through another person.

Mudabbar

A slave whom his master has declared to be free upon the master's death.

Mudharaba / Mudarabah

The term refers to a form of business contract in which one party brings capital and the other personal effort. The proportionate share in profit is determined by mutual agreement. But the loss, if any, is borne only by the owner of the capital, in which case the entrepreneur gets nothing for his labour. The financier is known as "rab-al-maal" and the entrepreneur as "mudarib". As a financing technique adopted by Islamic banks, it is a contract in which all the capital is provided by the Islamic bank while the business is managed by the other party. The profit is shared in pre-agreed ratios, and loss, if any, unless caused by negligence or violation of terms of the contract by the "mudarib" is borne by the Islamic bank. The bank passes on this loss to the depositors.

Mu'amalah

Transaction

Mudharib

A working partner; the partner who provides entrepreneur ship and management in a mudarabah agreement as distinct from the sahib al-mal who provides the finance.

Mufawadhah

A basic contract of partnership based on wakalah and kafalah that requires full commitment from the partners and to achieve this purpose tries to maintain equality in the capital, labor, liability and legal capacity and also declares each partner to be a surety for the other it is converted into the 'inan partnership if such equality is disturbed.

Muhaqalah

Sale of un-harvested crop. (Sale contract of this kind is not permissible in Islam).

Mukatab

A slave with whom his master has concluded the contract of kitabah by virtue of which the slave buys his freedom and agrees to pay for it in installments.

Mukhabarah

Sharecropping contract in which the landowner reserves crop of a particular area for himself. (Sharecropping contract of this kind is not permissible in Islam); another name for the contract of musaqah derived from the transaction with the Jews of Khaybar.

Muqaradhah

Another name for mudharabah used by the Malikis; see also qirad.

Muqtadha 'aqd al- 'inan

Implied contract of 'inan; conditions implied by the mere use of the word 'inan in the contract of partnership.

Murabaha

Lit: Sale on profit; Cost plus profit, sale at stated cost price and mark-up, sale at a specified profit margin. The term is, however, now used to refer to a sale agreement whereby the seller purchases the goods desired by the buyer and sells them at an agreed marked-up price, the payment being settled within an agreed time frame, either in installments or lump sum. The seller undertakes all the management needed for the purchase and also bears the risk for the goods until they have been delivered to the buyer. See also bay' al-mu'ajjal. This has been adopted as a mode of financing by a number of Islamic banks. As a financing technique, it involves a request by the client to the bank to purchase a certain item for him. The bank does that for a definite profit over the cost which is settled in advance. Some people have questioned the legality of this financing technique because of its similarity to Riba or interest.

Musahamah

In Egyptian law it is the name for a corporation or for a public limited company.

Musaqah / Musaqat

Contract for the watering of trees between the owner of land and a worker on the condition of sharing the produce; leasing fruit garden on fruit-sharing basis.

Musahamah

In Egyptian law it is the name for a corporation or for a public limited company.

Musha'

A share that is undivided and completely mixed up with the shares of the other partners, that is, it is to be found in each particle of the joint property.

Musharkah

The term refers to a financing technique adopted by Islamic banks. It is an agreement under which the Islamic bank provides funds which are mingled with the funds of the business enterprise and others. All providers of capital are entitled to participate in the management but not necessarily required to do so. The profit is distributed among the partners in pre-determined ratios, while the loss is bome by each partner in proportion to his contribution. see sharikah.

Mutaba'ah

Demand; demand by a creditor for the satisfaction of debts from the dealing partner or from the other partners.

Muzara'ah

Lit: Economic transaction; Sharecropping contract. Technically, contract for the cultivation of land between the owner of the land and the worker with the condition of sharing the produce.

Nasi’a

by way of nasiah, that is, with a delay in the delivery of one or both counter-values in a contract of exchange (bay).

Nass

text; word or text with a single meaning; text from the work of a jurist.

Nisa (Riba al)

A type of interest. Taking interest on loaned money. An act which Haram. See the Holy Quran, Al-Baqara (2):275-280 and Aaliimran(3):13O.

Nisab

A threshold of wealth of which any excess is subject to  Zakah.

Nizam

institution; term used in Saudi law for the corporation, in place of the usual term sharikah, in Arab law.

Nostro

Our Correspondent Account with others, owner is not known.

Nubzah

beverage made from dates; mead of dates.

P.B.U.H.

These letters are abbreviations for the phrase Peace Be   Upon Him which is the translation of the Arabic expression Alaihis   Salam or A.S., which is an expression that is said when the name of a prophet is mentioned. This expression is widely used by  English speaking Muslims. It is to be noticed here that this expression does not give the full meaning of "Salla Allahu Alaihi  Wa Sallam". Therefore it is recommended that people do not use   (p.b.u.h.) after the name of prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.); they  should use "Salla Allahu Alaihi Wa Sallam" instead, or they may use the abbreviated form of (S.A.W.) in writing.

Parallel Istisna’a

See Istisna’a.

Parallel Salam

See Bai Salam.

Pari Passu

Simultaneously and equally.

Phaasid

see fasid.

Qardh  Hasan

A loan extended without interest; gracious loan without interest in which the benefit to be derived is gifted by the owner to the beneficiary without this charitable act, the use of the money for a period would be consid­ered an unjustified excess transferred to the beneficiary also called Ribaal-nasiah.

Qardh

A loan given for a good cause in the name of Allah, in hopes  of repayment or reward in the Hereafter; debt.

Qarn al-Manazil

The Miqat of the pilgrims travelling through Najd, in Arabia (from the east).

Qiraadh

another name given by the Malilkis to the contract of mudarabah, from the word qard.

Qiran (Hajj Al)

Combined Hajj. Performing the Umrah, followed  by the Hajj, without taking off the Ihram.

Qiyas

Lit: Analogy; syllogism. Technically: Analogy through which Islamic law is derived from a textual injunction for a given non-textual matter.

Quadaa

Paying in a debt.

Qubul

acceptance.

Quirat

gold, coin used during the time of Holy Prophet PBUH

Quran

The Holy book containing the actual words of Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This Holy Book of the Muslims consisting of the revelations made by God to the Prophet Muhammad, peace be on him, during his Prophet hood of about 23 years. The Quran lays down the fundamentals of the Islamic faith, including beliefs and all aspects of the Muslim way of life. These are supplemented or further elaborated by the Sunnah. The Quran consists of 30 parts (ajza), 114 chapters (surahs}, and 6,666 verses (ayahs). There are a number of translations of the Quran by both Muslims and non-Muslims. The translations by Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall, both Muslims, and by A. J. Arberry are the most popular. In all references to the Quran in the text (e.g., 30: 41), the first number refers to the surah and the second to the ayah or verse. Many commentries (Tafseer) of the Holy Quran had been written in many languages. Ahkamul Quran, Maariful Quran, Jalalain etc are among the most famous ones.

Ra's al-mal

capital; principal amount invested; capital invested in Mudarabah Musharkah.

Rabb al-ardh

owner of land, owner of the land in Musaqah/Musaqat and Muzara’ah contracts.

Rabb al-maal

investor; owner of capital; a person who invests in Mudarabah / Musharkah. See also sahib al-mal.

Radd bi-al-'ayb

return of goods after a sale due to defects in the goods.

Raghabah

Property, which belongs to all people. Neither state nor individuals can prevent others from its lawful use.

Rahn

Pledge or mortgage.

Riba

Riba literally means increase, addition, expansion or growth. It is, however, not every increase, or growth, which has been prohibited by Islam. In the Shariah, Riba technically refers to the premium that must be paid without any consideration. According to the jurists of Islam this definition covers the two types of Riba, namely Riba Al Fadhl and Riba Al Naseah.

Example 1of Riba: If A sells 100 $ to B with 110 $. The premium of 10 $ is without any consideration or compensation. Therefore this amount of 10 $ will be Riba.

Example 2 of Riba: If A lends 100 $ to B (a borrower) with a condition that B shall return him 110$ after one month. In this case the premium paid that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along with the price is Riba. Because the premium of 10 $ is without any consideration.

Riba aI-Fadl

An extension of Riba to trade, because while trade is allowed, not everything is permitted in trade. The prohibition of Ribaal-fadl closes all back doors to Riba through trade. unlawful excess in the exchange of two counter-values where the excess is measurable through weight or measure. According to some Ahadith (Sayings of the Holy Prophet) if six things i.e. gold, silver, wheat, barley, dates and salt are exchanged against themselves, they should be spot and be equal and been specified. If these conditions are not found, this transaction will become Riba Al Fadhl.

Riba al' Nasiah

Literally means increase or addition of debt and it refers to the premium that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along with the principal amount as a condition for the loan or an extension in its maturity." It is thus equivalent to interest. the addition of the premium which is paid to the lender in return for his waiting as a condition for the loan and is technically the same as interest.

Raibahh

Is from rayb which literally means "doubt or suspicion and refers to the income which has the semblance of Riba or which raises doubts in the mind about its rightfulness. It covers all income derived from injustice to or exploitation of, others.

Rikaz

Ancient wealth found hurried in land whose

Rukn

element; part of an act without which the act is not complete or valid; essential ingredient or element of a contract; singular of Arkan.

S.A.W.

These letters are abbreviations for the words "Salla Allahu    Alaihi Wa Sallam", which means : may the blessing and the peace   of Allah be upon him. When the name of Prophet Muhammad is mentioned, a Muslim is to respect him and invoke this statement of  peace upon him.

Sadaqa / Sadaqah

Anything given away in charity in the name of Allah.

Sadaqah al-Fitr

A compulsory levy after the month of fasting (Ramadan). Every Nisab-holder has to give to the poor one saa (21/2 kg.) of commonly used grain for himself and each one of his depend­ents.

Safa and Marwa

Two small hills in Makkah, in Al-Haram  as-Shareef (The Grand Masjid) to the east. It is an essential part of  an Umrah and the Hajj to walk seven times between the two places, quickening ones step briefly between the two hills. This is  called Sai. See Holy Quran, Al-Baqara (2).

Sahib al-Mal

(plural, Ashab al-mal): The financier; in the mudarabah form of partnership agreement, the sahib al-mal (also, rabb al-mal) provides the finance while the mudarib provides the entrepreneur ship and management. There can be many ashab al-mal and midribs in a given muddrabah agreement. See also muddrabah, mudarib.

Sai

The act of going back and forth seven times between Safa  and Marwa which is done during the Hajj or the Umra.

Sak

Pl. Sukook, Check, certificate of debt, certificates of investment.

Salam

See Bai al salam.

Samsarah

Brokrage, agency, business of commisson. See Simsar.

Sarf

contract for the exchange of gold, silver, and currencies whether the currency or commodity exchanged is the same from both sides or is different, that is, whether dinars are exchanged with dinars or dinars are exchanged with dirhams.

Shakhsiyah i'itbariyah

juristic person; artificial personality; corpo­rate personality.

Shari’ah

Islamic Jurisprudence. Divine law consisting of Quran and Sunnah and on justification.

Sharik

partner.

Sharikah al-wujuh

partnership based on credit-worthiness of the partners in which the ratio of profit and loss is based on the li­ability borne, but the partnership has to be of the type inan or mufawadah.

Sharikah 'ammah

general partnership; a partnership in which each partner is a general attorney for the other partners; a partnership that permits trading in all types of goods.

Sharikah khassah

special partnership; partnership for a single ven­ture or for trading in a particular item; partnership in which each partner is a special attorney of the other partners.

Sharikah Musahamah

in Egyptian law it is the name for a corpora­tion or for a public limited company.

Sharikah

partnership; in Egyptian law the term is used for joint-stock companies and corporations as well, but is qualified with an adjective to indicate its nature: thus, sharikah musahamah for a public limited company or a corporation whose capital has been subscribed to by the general public.

Sharikat al- 'inan

a basic contract of partnership based on agency in which participation may either be on the basis of wealth or labor or credit-worthiness, and in which equality of contribution or legal capacity is not necessary.

Sharikat al-abdan

another name for sharikat al-amal.

Sharikat al-amwal

a partnership in which participation is based on the contribution of wealth by all partners, but the partnership has to be of the type indn or mufdwadah.

Sharikat al-ibahah

common rights of individuals to gather possesses and own free commodities.

Sharikat al-jabr

mandatory co-ownership created by an act of law, like inheritance.

Sharikat al-mafalis

a partnership between persons whose assets have been reduced to copper coins and who have to buy on the basis of credit-worthiness; see sharikat al-wujuh.

Sharikat al-mal

see sharikat al-amwal.

Sharikat al-milk

co-ownership. Sharikat al-mudarabah: see mudarabah.

Sharikat al-taqabbul

partnership for the acceptance of work, which is the same thing as a partnership based on labor or skill.

Sharikat al-dhimam

a term used by the Malikis to indicate a situa­tion where two or more persons are buying goods on credit it is different from the Hanafi sharikat al-wujuh insofar as it requires the physical presence of all the partners at the time of purchase.

Shira’ bi al-nasi'ah

a credit-purchase.

Shirb

The right of irrigation.

Shirikat al- 'aqd

a partnership created through contract as opposed to co-ownership that may be the result of a joint purchase or agree­ment or it may result from inheritance or from some other legal situation.

Shirkah

Another form of the term sharikah. Partnership between two or more persons whereby, unlike mudarabah, all of them have a share in finance as well as entrepreneurship and management, though not necessarily equally. See Appendix II for details.

Shirkat al-'amal

see sharikat at-amal.

Shirkat

See Musharikah

Shuf’ah

preemption.

Shuff'ah

The right of preemption for a person who is his neighbor or who is his partner in water.

Shukuk / Sukook

Check, certificate of debt, certificates of investment; plural of Shak

Shurut

conditions; the name given to the art of conveyancing in Islamic law.

Sighah

form of the contract.

Simsar

Broker, agent like travel agent or estate agent. See Samsarah.

Sunnah

Any saying of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) or his act or any act of his com­panion endorsed by him. After the Quran, the Sunnah is the most important source of the Islamic faith and refers essentially to the Prophets example as indicated by his practise of the faith. The only way to know the Sunnah is through the collection of Ahddith .

Surah

A chapter of the Quran. There are 114 surahs of varying lengths in the Quran. In all references to the Quran in the text (e.g. 30: 41), the first number refers to the surah and the second to the ay ah or verse.

T.C. A/C

Time Credit Account

Ta’yin

ascertainment of the goods sold through weight or measure.

Tabarru'

act of charity.

Tafwid

delegation.

Tahjir

Earmarking a piece of wasteland that has no owner by an individual in order to rehabilitate it. (This establishes the right of ownership on such land).

Takaful

Islamic Insurance. A scheme of mutual support that  provides insurance to individuals against hazards of falling into unexpected and dire need.

Takhrij

derivation; a methodology practised by the faqih, and that is based upon reasoning from principles.

Takhsis

restriction; restriction of the meaning of a text.

Tameen

Another name of Takaful (Islamic insurance). See Takaful.

Tamlik

Transferring ownership.

Tamyiz

Discretion; sense of discriminating between right and wrong evident in the behavior of a minor.

Taqabbul al- 'amal

Acceptance of work by either partner in a partnership based on labor.

Taqva

Piety, Purety.

Tarjih

Preference of one legal evidence over another in the derivation of the rules of law.

Tasarruf

Act; right to transact; right of disposal of property.

Tawliyah

Sale at cost without any profit for the seller.

Tawqit

Limiting duration of contract or another legal act.

Tijarah

Sale & Agency based financing facility for Customers who sell Finished Goods on Credit basis. This facility enables Customers to sell their Finished Goods stock, meet their working capital requirements and enjoy the benefits of Cash sales.

Ulamaa

Plural of Alim. The people of knowledge from amongst    the Muslims who act on what they know and do what they say.

Ummah

Refers to the whole Muslim community, irrespective of colour, race, language or nationality, which carry no weight in Islam.

Umrah al-Qada

The fulfilled Umrah - the Umrah which the  Prophet performed in the seventh year after Hijrah which he intended to do in the sixth year but which the Quraysh unbelievers had not allowed him to complete.

Umrah

A pilgrimage to Mekkah, but not during the Hajj period. It   is also called "the Lesser Pilgrimage".

Urbun

earnest money.

'Urf

usage; custom.

Urn al-shurut

conveyancing; drafting of legal documents.

'Urudh

Pl. of ‘Ardh: property that includes goods, slaves and even real estate.

Ushr

Ten per cent (in some cases five per cent) of agricultural produce payable by a Muslim as a part of his religious obligation, like Zakat, mainly for the benefit of the poor and the needy.

Venture

Inventory / Property risked contract.

Venture Capital

See Mudharbah

Wadhee'ah

Sale at a loss.

Wadi'ah

contract of deposit; bailment.

Waijdb / Wajib

Compulsory, obligation as distinguished from wujub (duty).

Wakalah 'ammah

general agency.

Wakalah khassah

special agency.

Wakalah qasirah

restricted agency.

Wakalah

agency.

Wakil

agent.

Wali

guardian.

Waqf

Endowment. A charitable trust in the name of Allah, usually  in perpetuity, and usually for the purposes of establishing the Deen of Islam, teaching useful knowledge, feeding the poor or treating  the sick.

Wasiyah

Will (according to Islamic law a person cannot bequeath more than one third of his total inheri­tance nor can he bequeath in favour of his heirs).

Wilayah

guardianship.

Wilayat al-istidanah

authority granted by one partner to another to buy on credit beyond the limit of the capital of the partnership.

Yadribuna fi al-ard

journeying through the earth seeking the bounty of Allah.

Zakah / Zakat

compulsories levy on every Muslim who has wealth greater than the amount of Nisab. The amount payable by a Muslim on his net worth as a part of his religious obligations, mainly for the benefit of the poor and the needy. See also ushr.

Zakah al-Fitr

A small obligatory head-tax imposed on every    Muslim who has the means for himself and his dependants. It is  paid once yearly at the end of Ramadan before Eid al-Fitr.

Zakah Al-Mal

The Muslims wealth tax: One must pay 2.5% of  ones yearly savings above a certain amount to the poor and needy  Muslims. The Zakah is compulsory on all Muslims who have saved(at least) the equivalent of 85g of 24 carat gold at the time when the   annual Zakah payment is due.

Zakatul Huboob

Zakah of grain/corn.

Zakatul Madan

Zakah of minerals.

Zakatur Rikaaz

Zakah of treasure/precious stones.

Zakatu-rid Tijaarah

Zakah of profits of merchandise.

Zar'

seed; crop to be sown.

Zulm

A comprehensive term used to refer to all forms of inequity, injustice, exploitation, oppression and wrongdoing whereby a person either deprives others of their rights or does not fulfil his obligations towards them.

Zimmah

equivalent of legal personality in positive law; receptacle for the capacity for acquisition; see ahd.